Laika: Karen da ya riga bil'adama zuwa sararin samaniya

A watan Nuwamban shekarar 1957, masana kimiyya a Tarayyar Soviet sun aika wata karya mai suna Laika zuwa sararin samaniya da ake ganin ba za a iya dawo da ita ba, lamarin da ya mayar da ita jarumar ƙasa, amma makomarta ta kasance mai ban tausayi.

Kusan shekara 60 bayan haka, ɗaya daga cikin ƴaƴan masana kimiyyar ya shaida wa BBC yadda yake wasa da Laika lokacin yana yaro.

Wani ɓangare da ba a fiye sani ba a sararin samaniya ta lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki shi ne yadda masana kimiyyar Soviet suka riƙa laluben karnukan da ba su da mai a titunan Moscow.

Kafin a fara tura mutane zuwa sararin samaniya, an horas da karnukan mata domin su iya jure irin waɗannan tafiye-tafiye masu matuƙar haɗari.

A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 1957, an harba wata karya mai suna Laika zuwa sararin samaniya daga tashar harba kumbon sararin samaniya ta Baikonur Cosmodrome, inda ta zama halitta ta farko mai rai da ta kewaya doron ƙasa.

Sai dai abin takaici, Laika ba ta tsira daga wannan tafiya ba.

Mafi abin tausayi a labarinta shi ne cewa masana kimiyyar Soviet sun sani tun da farko cewa Laika ba za ta taɓa komawa doron ƙasa da rai ba.

"A wancan lokacin, masana kimiyya ba su san yadda za a dawo da halittu masu rai daga sararin samaniya zuwa doron ƙasa ba," in ji Farfesa Viktor Yazdovsky a wata tattaunawa da BBC a shirin Witness History a shekarar 2017.

"Kowa na cikin matuƙar damuwa game da Laika. Sun san cewa ba za ta dawo ba bayan wannan tafiya."

Mahaifin Yazdovsky, Vladimir, shi ne ke kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya na shirin sararin samaniya na Tarayyar Soviet.

Viktor ya tuna yadda yake wasa da Laika yana da shekara tara a duniya, jim kaɗan kafin a harba ta zuwa sararin samaniya.

"Ta kasance karya mai haƙuri da son mutane. Horar da ita abu ne mai sauƙi. Tana da alamar basira sosai. Tana da idanu masu duhu waɗanda ke bayyana yadda take ji a fili."

"Mahaifina ya kawo ta gidan kakata, wanda yake kusa da Moscow, kuma ni da 'yan'uwana mata mun yi wasa da ita. Mahaifina ya yi imanin cewa kafin tafiyarta zuwa sararin samaniya, ya kamata Laika ta ɗanɗana rayuwa a cikin yanayin gida."

Me ya sa aka zaɓi Laika?

Ta hanyar zaɓar karnuka domin waɗannan tafiye-tafiye na sararin samaniya, Soviet ta bambanta da masana kimiyyar Amurka, waɗanda tun da farko suka tura ƙudajen 'ya'yan itatuwa (fruit flies) sannan daga baya birrai zuwa sararin samaniya.

"An fahimci cewa duk lokacin da aka tura birrai zuwa sararin samaniya ta hanyar rokoki, gwaje-gwajen sau da dama suna fuskantar matsaloli. Wasu daga cikinsu ma suna kamuwa da bugun zuciya. Idan kuma an tura su bayan an ba su magungunan barci, bayanan da za a aika zuwa doron ƙasa ba za su zama cikakku kuma sahihai ba," in ji Yazdovsky.

"Kuma idan aka tura ƙananan dabbobi kamar ɓeraye, ta yaya za a iya amfani da sakamakon waɗannan gwaje-gwaje wajen fahimtar tasirin da hakan zai yi ga mutane da kuma shirya tura mutane zuwa sararin samaniya a nan gaba?"

Ya tuna cewa akwai wani dalili na daban da ya sa Soviet ta fi son amfani da karnuka.

Masana kimiyyar Soviet sun fahimci ilimin tsarin rayuwar karnuka sosai.

Shahararren masanin kimiyyar Rasha, Pavlov, ya gudanar da bincike kan tsarin zagayawar jini, tsarin narkar da abinci da kuma ayyukan manyan sassan tsarin jijiyoyin jiki a jikin karnuka.

Bugu da ƙari, masana kimiyyar Soviet sun zaɓi karnukan da ba su da masu gida da gangan maimakon karnukan jinsunan da aka keɓe domin wata manufa ta musamman.

"Sun yanke shawarar horas da karnukan titi, maimakon karnukan jinsuna na musamman, domin shirin tafiya zuwa sararin samaniya. Karnukan ba su da matsuguni."

Ana zaɓar karnukan ne saboda suna iya jure mawuyacin hali kuma ba sa buƙatar kulawa mai yawa.

An zaɓi karnukan mata ne saboda sun fi sauƙin horarwa kuma suna saurin bin umarni.

Haka kuma, domin su iya shiga cikin kumbon sararin samaniya, dole ne nauyinsu kada ya wuce kilo shida zuwa bakwai.

A shirye-shiryen da ake yi kafin tashin jiragen, ana killace karnukan na tsawon kwanaki ko makonni a cikin ƙananan ɗakuna masu sarrafa matsin iska kafin a tura su zuwa sararin samaniya.

Likitoci suna sa ido kan yadda suke amsa sautuka daban-daban da sauye-sauyen matsin iska da kuma yanayin rashin nauyi.

Lamarin ya fuskanci suka a duniya

Bayan an gabatar da wata karya mai natsuwa mai suna Kudryavka, wadda ke da gajeren gashi mai lanƙwasa, ga jama'a ta hanyar rediyo, sai ta yi haushi, wanda ya sa aka fara kiranta Laika, kalmar da ke nufin "karen da ke haushi" a harshen Rashanci.

"Kowa yana kallonta a matsayin jaruma," in ji Yazdovsky.

Sai dai a lokacin, masana kimiyya na gaggauta shirye-shiryen aikin, inda suka yi sauye-sauye cikin hanzari ga tsare-tsaren Sputnik I domin haɗa wata keɓaɓɓiyar rumfa mai matsin iska da aka tanada domin karen.

"Ba a tsara tsarin daidaita yanayin zafi a kumbon da ke ɗauke da Laika yadda ya kamata ba," Yazdovsky ya tuna. "Ta mutu ne sakamakon tsananin zafin da ke cikin kumbon."

Rahotanni kan abin da ya faru da Laika sun bambanta a wancan lokaci. Alal misali, wani rahoton BBC ya ce: "An yi imanin cewa Rashawa na shirin dawo da wannan karya duniya ta amfani da wata roka ta musamman, kodayake babu wata sanarwa a hukumance da ta tabbatar da wannan shiri."

Tsawon shekaru, Rashawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa Laika ta rayu na wasu kwanaki a sararin samaniya.

Sai dai a shekarar 2002, sun amince cewa na'urorin kula da yanayin cikin kumbon sun gaza aiki, kuma Laika ta mutu sakamakon tsananin zafi da damuwa sa'o'i biyar zuwa bakwai kacal bayan fara tafiyar.

Bisa ga bayanan da aka fitar daga takunkumin sirri na ma'aunin lafiyar jikin Laika a lokacin wannan manufa, waɗanda aka adana a National Air and Space Museum, Laika ta samu nasarar kewaya duniya tana raye.

Ta kewaya duniya, inda kowane zagaye yake ɗaukar kusan minti 103.

Matakin tura Laika a wata manufa da aka san za ta yi sanadin mutuwarta ya haifar da fushi da suka daga sassa daban-daban na duniya a lokacin.

Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin dabbobi a Birtaniya sun gudanar da zanga-zanga a wajen ofishin jakadancin Tarayyar Soviet, suna kira ga masu karnuka a faɗin ƙasar su yi tsayuwar minti ɗaya domin girmama ta.

A Amurka kuwa, masu son karnuka sun yi tattaki tare da karnukansu a wajen hedkwatar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke New York.

Haka kuma, Ƙungiyar Amurka ta Hana Muzgunawa Dabbobi (ASPCA) ta aika da wasiƙar nuna rashin amincewa ga gwamnatin Tarayyar Soviet ta hannun Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka.

Wannan martani ya taimaka wajen sauya yadda shirye-shiryen tafiye-tafiye zuwa sararin samaniya ke mu'amala da dabbobi. An tsara manufofin da suka biyo baya tare da samar da tsarin da zai tabbatar da an dawo da dabbobin duniya cikin aminci.

Kusan shekara uku bayan tafiyar Laika da ta yi sanadin mutuwarta, Tarayyar Soviet ta sake tura wasu karnuka biyu zuwa sararin samaniya, kuma sun samu dawowa lafiya.

A ranar 19 ga Agustan 1960, Belka da Strelka sun kammala zagaye 17 a kewaye da doron ƙasa kafin su sauka lafiya washegarin ranar.

Sai dai kasancewar Laika ita ce karya ta farko da ta kewaya doron ƙasa, ta zama wata babbar alama ta farkon binciken sararin samaniya na Tarayyar Soviet.

An fitar da tambarin gidan waya da kuma ambulan na tunawa da ita, waɗanda ke ɗauke da hotonta.

Haka kuma, a Tarayyar Soviet an sanya sunanta ga wasu nau'in sigari da kwalayen ashana.